Filtering with Salesforce.com is much like SQL. It is using salesforce.com's query language called SOQL.
You can find more information in the "Force.com Web Services API Developer's Guide" - search for SOQL.
Examples:
Filter on Name equal to a specific text:
FIELD: Name
FILTER: Name = 'MYSALE'
Filter on a field being empty (null):
FIELD: rapidi__Transferred__c
FILTER: rapidi__Transferred__c = null
Filter that returns Accounts that have BillingState either California or New York.
FIELD: BillingState
FILTER: BillingState IN ('California', 'New York')
Filter that return anything newer than the date specified:
FIELD: CreatedDate
FILTER: CreatedDate > 2005-10-08T01:02:03Z
Filter that return anything created yesterday:
FIELD: CreatedDate
FILTER: CreatedDate = YESTERDAY
Filter that return anything created during the last week:
FIELD: CreatedDate
FILTER: CreatedDate > LAST_WEEK
Please Note: If you are using Source Control when reading from Salesforce.com then all filters are handled by RapidiOnline as CheckFilter - see Filtering with CheckFilters